A study of anatomy and physiology of movement upper limb

The procedure of using the upper subdivision to drink water is a interlinking one which impacts a grand amount of technology inter-transfer between the brain and the eventual skeletal muscle builder. thither is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized pureness fibre tracts to the hip flexor muscles via the intermediate spinal cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular levelThe initiation of the process is at the ram cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary force back argona is located at the precentral whirl of the frontal lobe. The area controlling the motion of the lower limbs lies towards the superior come along of the brain. Within this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are cognize as upper motor neurons (UMN).These UMNs receive modulating nervous impulse from the inputs from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia via the extra pointed pathways. These tracts govern the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by afferent signals from ascending spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways.The complex the signal initiated at the nucleus of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the medullated neuron via the mode of salutatory conduction. The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of organizations that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate regions known as Nodes of Ranvier.The electrical impulse moves in a jumping manner at these nodes facial expression infection as a neural impulse, generated by the formation of a hardihood action potential. Like all excitable tissue, nerves maintain a resting membrane potential that is the difference of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is 70 mV.This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hummock is transmitted via the depolarizing phase which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via opening of the Na channels. This entryway of Na in one portion allows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential. Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse.Many such nerves unneurotic descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the askance spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract). It is the former which is responsible for the upper limb movements.The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord till the lumbar level w here they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single brook-synaptic ne uron receives signals from many neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagation of impulses leads to clitoris of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles.The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to contemporaries and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to render the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential.The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels along T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin heads, these then bind to the actin thin filaments, and draws them closer to the M line.Meanwhile bri nging the Z disc closer. This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self propagating sequence in conclusion leading to the contraction of ilio-psoas muscle, which causes the flexion of thigh on the pelvis. Each nerve fibre provides many musle fibres ( about 150).This is the motor unit. The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the brachial plexus to innervate the deltoid and supraspinatus (shoulder abductors), biceps, and brachialis( elbow flexion), flexor carpi ularis and flexor carpi radialis (wrist flexors and stabilizers), long finger flexors flexor digitorum superficialis anv flexor digitorum profundus (long finger joint flexors) leading to the person gripping the folderol and drinking water. In summary the impulse travels via brachial plexus ( C5-T1).From here the nerve impulses travel to shoulder elevators (supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi)- posterior cord ), elbow extensor (triceps and anconeus radial nerve) wrist extensor ( ECRL, ECRB radial nerve), finger flexors ( FDS, FDP median nerve and the ulnar nerve) and the intrinsics ulnar nerve and the median nerve).